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annotate modules/apt/readmes/README_ja_JP.md @ 386:3fce34f642f1

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Add a PHP module to handle platform differences
author IBBoard <dev@ibboard.co.uk>
date Mon, 03 Jan 2022 17:09:39 +0000
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1 # apt
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2
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3 #### 目次
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4
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5 1. [説明 - モジュールの機能とその有益性](#module-description)
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6 1. [セットアップ - apt導入の基本](#setup)
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7 * [aptが影響を与えるもの](#what-apt-affects)
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8 * [aptの使用を開始する](#beginning-with-apt)
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9 1. [使用 - 設定オプションと追加機能](#usage)
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10 * [GPGキーの追加](#add-gpg-keys)
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11 * [バックポートの優先度を上げる](#prioritize-backports)
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12 * [パッケージリストの更新](#update-the-list-of-packages)
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13 * [特定のリリースのピン止め](#pin-a-specific-release)
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14 * [PPA (Personal Package Archive)レポジトリの追加](#add-a-personal-package-archive-repository)
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15 * [HieraからのAptの構成](#configure-apt-from-hiera)
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16 * [デフォルトのsources.listファイルの置き換え](#replace-the-default-sourceslist-file)
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17 1. [参考 - モジュールの機能と動作について](#reference)
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18 1. [制約 - OS互換性など](#limitations)
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19 1. [開発 - モジュール貢献についてのガイド](#development)
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20
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21 ## モジュールの概要
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22
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23 aptモジュールを導入すると、Puppetを使用してAPT (Advanced Package Tool)のソース、キー、その他の構成オプションを管理できます。
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24
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25 APTとは、Debian、Ubuntu、およびその他いくつかのオペレーティングシステムで利用可能なパッケージマネージャです。aptモジュールは、APTのパッケージ管理を自動化するのに役立つ一連のクラス、定義型、およびfactsを提供します。
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26
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27 **注**：Puppet 7 より前は、このモジュールがどのバージョンのを正しく自動検出するか
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28 実行している Debian / Ubuntu（または派生物）、 `lsb-release`パッケージが
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29 インストールされています。 Puppet 7 では、 `lsb-release`パッケージは必要ありません。
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30
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31 ## セットアップ
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32
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33 ### aptが影響を与えるもの
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34
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35 * システムの`preferences`ファイルと`preferences.d`ディレクトリ
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36 * システムの `sources.list`ファイルと`sources.list.d`ディレクトリ
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37 * システムレポジトリ
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38 * 認証キー
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39
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40 **注意:** このモジュールには`purge`パラメータがあります。このパラメータを`true`に設定すると、 ノードの `sources.list(.d)`および`preferences(.d)`の構成のうち、Puppetを通して宣言されていないものがすべて**破棄**されます。このパラメータのデフォルトは`false`です。
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41
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42 ### aptの使用を開始する
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43
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44 デフォルトのパラメータでaptモジュールを使用するには、`apt`クラスを宣言します。
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45
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46 ```puppet
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47 include apt
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48 ```
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49
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50 **注意:** メインの`apt`クラスは、このモジュールに含まれるその他すべてのクラス、型、定義型によって要求されます。このモジュールを使用する際は、このクラスを必ず宣言する必要があります。
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51
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52 ## 使用
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53
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54 ### GPGキーの追加
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55
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56 **警告:** 短いキーIDを使用すると、衝突攻撃が有効になる可能性があり、セキュリティに深刻な問題が生じます。常に、完全なフィンガープリントを使用してGPGキーを識別することを推奨します。このモジュールでは短いキーの使用が許可されていますが、それを使用した場合、セキュリティ警告が発行されます。
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57
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58 `apt::key`の定義型を宣言するには、次のように記述します。
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59
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60 ```puppet
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61 apt::key { 'puppetlabs':
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62 id => '6F6B15509CF8E59E6E469F327F438280EF8D349F',
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63 server => 'pgp.mit.edu',
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64 options => 'http-proxy="http://proxyuser:proxypass@example.org:3128"',
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65 }
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66 ```
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67
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68 ### バックポートの優先度を上げる
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69
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70 ```puppet
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71 class { 'apt::backports':
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72 pin => 500,
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73 }
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74 ```
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75
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76 デフォルトでは、`apt::backports`クラスはバックポート用のピンファイルをドロップし、優先度200にピン止めします。これは、通常のデフォルト値である500よりも低いため、`ensure => latest`に設定されているパッケージは、明示的な許可がない限り、バックポートからアップグレードされることはありません。
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77
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78 `pin`パラメータを使用して優先度を500に上げると、通常のポリシーが有効になり、Aptは最新のバージョンをインストールするか、最新のバージョンにアップグレードします。これはつまり、`package`リソースの`ensure`属性を明示的に`installed`/`present`もしくは特定のバージョンに設定していない限り、あるパッケージがバックポートから利用できる場合は、そのパッケージと依存関係がバックポートから取得されるということです。
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79
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80 ### パッケージリストの更新
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81
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82 デフォルトでは、`apt`クラスをインクルードした後の最初のPuppet実行時と、`notify => Exec['apt_update']`が発生するたびに(別の言い方をすれば、構成ファイルが更新されるか、関連するその他の変更が行われるたびに)、Puppetは`apt-get update`を実行します。`update['frequency']`を'always'に設定すると、Puppet実行時に毎回更新が行われます。`update['frequency']`は'daily'や'weekly'に設定することも可能です。
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83
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84 ```puppet
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85 class { 'apt':
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86 update => {
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87 frequency => 'daily',
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88 },
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89 }
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90 ```
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91 `Exec['apt_update']`がトリガされると、`Notice`メッセージが生成されます。デフォルトの[agentロギングレベル](https://docs.puppet.com/puppet/latest/configuration.html#loglevel)は`notice`であるため、このレポジトリの更新は、ログおよびagentレポートに記録されます。[Foreman](https://www.theforeman.org)など、一部のツールでは、このような更新通知が重要な変更としてレポートされます。これらの更新がレポートに記録されないようにするには、`Exec['apt_update']`の[loglevel](https://docs.puppet.com/puppet/latest/metaparameter.html#loglevel)メタパラメータをagentロギングレベルよりも高い値に設定します。
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92
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93 ```puppet
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94 class { 'apt':
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95 update => {
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96 frequency => 'daily',
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97 loglevel => 'debug',
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98 },
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99 }
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100 ```
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101
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102 ### 特定のリリースのピン止め
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103
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104 ```puppet
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105 apt::pin { 'karmic': priority => 700 }
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106 apt::pin { 'karmic-updates': priority => 700 }
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107 apt::pin { 'karmic-security': priority => 700 }
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108 ```
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109
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110 ディストリビューションのプロパティを使用して、より複雑なピンを指定することもできます。
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111
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112 ```puppet
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113 apt::pin { 'stable':
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114 priority => -10,
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115 originator => 'Debian',
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116 release_version => '3.0',
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117 component => 'main',
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118 label => 'Debian'
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119 }
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120 ```
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121
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122 複数のパッケージをピン止めするには、配列またはスペース区切りの文字列としてその情報を`packages`パラメータに渡します。
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123
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124 ### PPA (Personal Package Archive)レポジトリの追加
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125
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126 ```puppet
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127 apt::ppa { 'ppa:drizzle-developers/ppa': }
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128 ```
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129
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130 ### `/etc/apt/sources.list.d/`へのAptソースの追加
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131
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132 ```puppet
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133 apt::source { 'debian_unstable':
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134 comment => 'This is the iWeb Debian unstable mirror',
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135 location => 'http://debian.mirror.iweb.ca/debian/',
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136 release => 'unstable',
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137 repos => 'main contrib non-free',
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138 pin => '-10',
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139 key => {
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140 'id' => 'A1BD8E9D78F7FE5C3E65D8AF8B48AD6246925553',
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141 'server' => 'subkeys.pgp.net',
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142 },
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143 include => {
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144 'src' => true,
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145 'deb' => true,
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146 },
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147 }
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148 ```
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149
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150 Puppet Aptレポジトリをソースとして使用するには、次のように記述します。
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151
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152 ```puppet
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153 apt::source { 'puppetlabs':
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154 location => 'http://apt.puppetlabs.com',
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155 repos => 'main',
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156 key => {
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157 'id' => '6F6B15509CF8E59E6E469F327F438280EF8D349F',
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158 'server' => 'pgp.mit.edu',
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159 },
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160 }
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161 ```
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162
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163 ### HieraからのAptの構成
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164
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165 ソースをリソースとして直接指定するかわりに、単純に`apt`クラスをインクルードして、値をHieraから自動的に取得するように構成できます。
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166
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167 ```yaml
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168 apt::sources:
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169 'debian_unstable':
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170 comment: 'This is the iWeb Debian unstable mirror'
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171 location: 'http://debian.mirror.iweb.ca/debian/'
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172 release: 'unstable'
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173 repos: 'main contrib non-free'
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174 pin: '-10'
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175 key:
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176 id: 'A1BD8E9D78F7FE5C3E65D8AF8B48AD6246925553'
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177 server: 'subkeys.pgp.net'
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178 include:
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179 src: true
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180 deb: true
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181
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182 'puppetlabs':
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183 location: 'http://apt.puppetlabs.com'
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184 repos: 'main'
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185 key:
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186 id: '6F6B15509CF8E59E6E469F327F438280EF8D349F'
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187 server: 'pgp.mit.edu'
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188 ```
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189
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190 ### デフォルトの`sources.list`ファイルの置き換え
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191
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192 デフォルトの`/etc/apt/sources.list`を置き換える例を以下に示します。以下のコードと合わせて、`purge`パラメータを必ず使用してください。使用しない場合、Apt実行時にソース重複の警告が出ます。
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193
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194 ```puppet
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195 apt::source { "archive.ubuntu.com-${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}":
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196 location => 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu',
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197 key => '630239CC130E1A7FD81A27B140976EAF437D05B5',
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198 repos => 'main universe multiverse restricted',
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199 }
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200
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201 apt::source { "archive.ubuntu.com-${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-security":
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202 location => 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu',
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203 key => '630239CC130E1A7FD81A27B140976EAF437D05B5',
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204 repos => 'main universe multiverse restricted',
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205 release => "${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-security"
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206 }
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207
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208 apt::source { "archive.ubuntu.com-${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-updates":
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209 location => 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu',
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210 key => '630239CC130E1A7FD81A27B140976EAF437D05B5',
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211 repos => 'main universe multiverse restricted',
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212 release => "${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-updates"
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213 }
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214
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215 apt::source { "archive.ubuntu.com-${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-backports":
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216 location => 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu',
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217 key => '630239CC130E1A7FD81A27B140976EAF437D05B5',
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218 repos => 'main universe multiverse restricted',
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219 release => "${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-backports"
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220 }
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221 ```
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222
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223 ### APTソースやプロキシのログイン設定を`/etc/apt/auth.conf`で管理する
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224
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225 APTバージョン1.5以降、認証が必要なAPTソースやプロキシについて、ユーザ名やパスワードなどのログイン設定を`/etc/apt/auth.conf`ファイルに定義できるようになりました。この方法は、`source.list`内にログイン情報を直接記述するよりも推奨されます。直接記述した場合、通常、あらゆるユーザから読み取り可能になるためです。
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226
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227 `/etc/apt/auth.confファイルのフォーマットは、(ftpやcurlによって使用される) netrcに従い、ファイルパーミッションが制限されています。詳しくは、[こちら](https://manpages.debian.org/testing/apt/apt_auth.conf.5.en.html)を参照してください。
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228
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229 オプションの`apt::auth_conf_entries`パラメータを使用して、ログイン設定を含むハッシュの配列を指定します。このハッシュに含めることができるのは、`machine`、`login`、および`password`キーのみです。
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230
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231 ```puppet
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232 class { 'apt':
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233 auth_conf_entries => [
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234 {
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235 'machine' => 'apt-proxy.example.net',
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236 'login' => 'proxylogin',
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237 'password' => 'proxypassword',
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238 },
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239 {
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240 'machine' => 'apt.example.com/ubuntu',
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241 'login' => 'reader',
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242 'password' => 'supersecret',
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243 },
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244 ],
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245 }
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246 ```
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247
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248 ## リファレンス
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249
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250 ### Facts
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251
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252 * `apt_updates`: `upgrade`で入手可能な更新がある、インストール済みパッケージの数。
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253
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254 * `apt_dist_updates`: `dist-upgrade`で入手可能な更新がある、インストール済みパッケージの数。
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255
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256 * `apt_security_updates`: `upgrade`で入手可能なセキュリティ更新がある、インストール済みパッケージの数。
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257
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258 * `apt_security_dist_updates`: `dist-upgrade`で入手可能なセキュリティ更新がある、インストール済みパッケージの数。
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259
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260 * `apt_package_updates`: `upgrade`で入手可能な更新がある、すべてのインストール済みパッケージの名前。Facter 2.0以降では、このデータのフォーマットは配列で、それ以前のバージョンでは、コンマ区切りの文字列です。
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261
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262 * `apt_package_dist_updates`: `dist-upgrade`で入手可能な更新がある、すべてのインストール済みパッケージの名前。Facter 2.0以降では、このデータのフォーマットは配列で、それ以前のバージョンでは、コンマ区切りの文字列です。
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263
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264 * `apt_update_last_success`: 直近で成功した`apt-get update`実行のエポックタイムによる日付(/var/lib/apt/periodic/update-success-stampのmtimeに基づく)。
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265
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266 * `apt_reboot_required`: 更新がインストールされた後に再起動が必要かどうかを決定します。
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267
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268 ### 詳細情報
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269
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270 その他すべてのリファレンスマニュアルについては、[REFERENCE.md](https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppetlabs-apt/blob/main/REFERENCE.md)を参照してください。
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271
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272 ## 制約
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273
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274 このモジュールは、[実行ステージ](https://docs.puppetlabs.com/puppet/latest/reference/lang_run_stages.html)に分割するようには設計されていません。
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275
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276 サポート対象のオペレーティングシステムの全リストについては、[metadata.json](https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppetlabs-apt/blob/main/metadata.json)を参照してください。
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277
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278 ### 新しいソースまたはPPAの追加
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279
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280 新しいソースまたはPPAを追加し、同一のPuppet実行において、その新しいソースまたはPPAからパッケージをインストールするには、`package`リソースが`Apt::Source`または`Apt::Ppa`に従属し、かつ`Class['apt::update']に従属する必要があります。[コレクタ](https://docs.puppetlabs.com/puppet/latest/reference/lang_collectors.html)を追加することによって、すべてのパッケージが`apt::update`の後に来るように制御することもできますが、その場合、循環依存が発生したり、[仮想リソース](https://docs.puppetlabs.com/puppet/latest/reference/lang_collectors.html#behavior)と関係したりすることがあります。以下のコマンドを実行する前に、すべてのパッケージのプロバイダがaptに設定されていることを確認してください。
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281
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282 ```puppet
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283 Class['apt::update'] -> Package <| provider == 'apt' |>
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284 ```
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285
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286 ## 開発
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287
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288 Puppet ForgeのPuppet Labsモジュールはオープンプロジェクトで、良い状態に保つためには、コミュニティの貢献が必要不可欠です。Puppetが役に立つはずでありながら、私たちがアクセスできないプラットフォームやハードウェア、ソフトウェア、デプロイ構成は無数にあります。私たちの目標は、できる限り簡単に変更に貢献し、みなさまの環境で私たちのモジュールが機能できるようにすることにあります。最高の状態を維持できるようにするために、コントリビュータが従う必要のあるいくつかのガイドラインが存在します。
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289
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290 詳細については、[モジュール貢献ガイド](https://docs.puppetlabs.com/forge/contributing.html)を参照してください。
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291
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292 すでにご協力いただいている方のリストについては、[コントリビュータのリスト](https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppetlabs-apt/graphs/contributors)をご覧ください。