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annotate modules/apt/readmes/README_ja_JP.md @ 465:f6304a8e2adc

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Try to fix last day of month HTTP LogWatch LogWatch runs for yesterday's data. And we rotate and zip web logs on the 1st of the month. So on the 1st, when generating the summary for the last day of the month, we need to look at a gzipped file, not the current or old-unzipped file.
author IBBoard <dev@ibboard.co.uk>
date Sun, 25 Feb 2024 09:56:16 +0000
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1 # apt
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2
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3 #### 目次
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4
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5 1. [説明 - モジュールの機能とその有益性](#module-description)
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6 1. [セットアップ - apt導入の基本](#setup)
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7 * [aptが影響を与えるもの](#what-apt-affects)
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8 * [aptの使用を開始する](#beginning-with-apt)
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9 1. [使用 - 設定オプションと追加機能](#usage)
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10 * [GPGキーの追加](#add-gpg-keys)
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11 * [バックポートの優先度を上げる](#prioritize-backports)
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12 * [パッケージリストの更新](#update-the-list-of-packages)
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13 * [特定のリリースのピン止め](#pin-a-specific-release)
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14 * [PPA (Personal Package Archive)レポジトリの追加](#add-a-personal-package-archive-repository)
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15 * [HieraからのAptの構成](#configure-apt-from-hiera)
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16 * [デフォルトのsources.listファイルの置き換え](#replace-the-default-sourceslist-file)
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17 1. [参考 - モジュールの機能と動作について](#reference)
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18 1. [制約 - OS互換性など](#limitations)
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19 1. [開発 - モジュール貢献についてのガイド](#development)
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20
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21 ## モジュールの概要
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22
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23 aptモジュールを導入すると、Puppetを使用してAPT (Advanced Package Tool)のソース、キー、その他の構成オプションを管理できます。
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24
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25 APTとは、Debian、Ubuntu、およびその他いくつかのオペレーティングシステムで利用可能なパッケージマネージャです。aptモジュールは、APTのパッケージ管理を自動化するのに役立つ一連のクラス、定義型、およびfactsを提供します。
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26
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27 **注**：Puppet 7 より前は、このモジュールがどのバージョンのを正しく自動検出するか
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28 実行している Debian / Ubuntu（または派生物）、 `lsb-release`パッケージが
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29 インストールされています。 Puppet 7 では、 `lsb-release`パッケージは必要ありません。
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30
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31 ## セットアップ
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32
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33 ### aptが影響を与えるもの
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34
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35 * システムの`preferences`ファイルと`preferences.d`ディレクトリ
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36 * システムの `sources.list`ファイルと`sources.list.d`ディレクトリ
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37 * システムレポジトリ
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38 * 認証キー
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39
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40 **注意:** このモジュールには`purge`パラメータがあります。このパラメータを`true`に設定すると、 ノードの `sources.list(.d)`および`preferences(.d)`の構成のうち、Puppetを通して宣言されていないものがすべて**破棄**されます。このパラメータのデフォルトは`false`です。
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41
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42 ### aptの使用を開始する
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43
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44 デフォルトのパラメータでaptモジュールを使用するには、`apt`クラスを宣言します。
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45
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46 ```puppet
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47 include apt
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48 ```
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49
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50 **注意:** メインの`apt`クラスは、このモジュールに含まれるその他すべてのクラス、型、定義型によって要求されます。このモジュールを使用する際は、このクラスを必ず宣言する必要があります。
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51
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52 ## 使用
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53
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54 ### GPGキーの追加
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55
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56 **警告:** 短いキーIDを使用すると、衝突攻撃が有効になる可能性があり、セキュリティに深刻な問題が生じます。常に、完全なフィンガープリントを使用してGPGキーを識別することを推奨します。このモジュールでは短いキーの使用が許可されていますが、それを使用した場合、セキュリティ警告が発行されます。
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57
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58 `apt::key`の定義型を宣言するには、次のように記述します。
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59
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60 ```puppet
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61 apt::key { 'puppetlabs':
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62 id => '6F6B15509CF8E59E6E469F327F438280EF8D349F',
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63 server => 'pgp.mit.edu',
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64 options => 'http-proxy="http://proxyuser:proxypass@example.org:3128"',
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65 }
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66 ```
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67
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68 ### バックポートの優先度を上げる
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69
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70 ```puppet
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71 class { 'apt::backports':
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72 pin => 500,
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73 }
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74 ```
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75
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76 デフォルトでは、`apt::backports`クラスはバックポート用のピンファイルをドロップし、優先度200にピン止めします。これは、通常のデフォルト値である500よりも低いため、`ensure => latest`に設定されているパッケージは、明示的な許可がない限り、バックポートからアップグレードされることはありません。
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77
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78 `pin`パラメータを使用して優先度を500に上げると、通常のポリシーが有効になり、Aptは最新のバージョンをインストールするか、最新のバージョンにアップグレードします。これはつまり、`package`リソースの`ensure`属性を明示的に`installed`/`present`もしくは特定のバージョンに設定していない限り、あるパッケージがバックポートから利用できる場合は、そのパッケージと依存関係がバックポートから取得されるということです。
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79
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80 ### パッケージリストの更新
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81
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82 デフォルトでは、`apt`クラスをインクルードした後の最初のPuppet実行時と、`notify => Exec['apt_update']`が発生するたびに(別の言い方をすれば、構成ファイルが更新されるか、関連するその他の変更が行われるたびに)、Puppetは`apt-get update`を実行します。`update['frequency']`を'always'に設定すると、Puppet実行時に毎回更新が行われます。`update['frequency']`は'daily'や'weekly'に設定することも可能です。
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83
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84 ```puppet
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85 class { 'apt':
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86 update => {
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87 frequency => 'daily',
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88 },
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89 }
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90 ```
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91 `Exec['apt_update']`がトリガされると、`Notice`メッセージが生成されます。デフォルトの[agentロギングレベル](https://docs.puppet.com/puppet/latest/configuration.html#loglevel)は`notice`であるため、このレポジトリの更新は、ログおよびagentレポートに記録されます。[Foreman](https://www.theforeman.org)など、一部のツールでは、このような更新通知が重要な変更としてレポートされます。これらの更新がレポートに記録されないようにするには、`Exec['apt_update']`の[loglevel](https://docs.puppet.com/puppet/latest/metaparameter.html#loglevel)メタパラメータをagentロギングレベルよりも高い値に設定します。
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92
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93 ```puppet
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94 class { 'apt':
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95 update => {
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96 frequency => 'daily',
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97 loglevel => 'debug',
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98 },
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99 }
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100 ```
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101
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102 ### 特定のリリースのピン止め
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103
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104 ```puppet
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105 apt::pin { 'karmic': priority => 700 }
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106 apt::pin { 'karmic-updates': priority => 700 }
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107 apt::pin { 'karmic-security': priority => 700 }
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108 ```
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109
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110 ディストリビューションのプロパティを使用して、より複雑なピンを指定することもできます。
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111
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112 ```puppet
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113 apt::pin { 'stable':
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114 priority => -10,
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115 originator => 'Debian',
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116 release_version => '3.0',
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117 component => 'main',
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118 label => 'Debian'
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119 }
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120 ```
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121
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122 複数のパッケージをピン止めするには、配列またはスペース区切りの文字列としてその情報を`packages`パラメータに渡します。
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123
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124 ### PPA (Personal Package Archive)レポジトリの追加
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125
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126 ```puppet
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127 apt::ppa { 'ppa:drizzle-developers/ppa': }
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128 ```
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129
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130 ### `/etc/apt/sources.list.d/`へのAptソースの追加
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131
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132 ```puppet
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133 apt::source { 'debian_unstable':
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134 comment => 'This is the iWeb Debian unstable mirror',
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135 location => 'http://debian.mirror.iweb.ca/debian/',
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136 release => 'unstable',
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137 repos => 'main contrib non-free',
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138 pin => '-10',
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139 key => {
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140 'id' => 'A1BD8E9D78F7FE5C3E65D8AF8B48AD6246925553',
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141 'server' => 'subkeys.pgp.net',
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142 },
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143 include => {
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144 'src' => true,
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145 'deb' => true,
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146 },
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147 }
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148 ```
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149
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150 Puppet Aptレポジトリをソースとして使用するには、次のように記述します。
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151
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152 ```puppet
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153 apt::source { 'puppetlabs':
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154 location => 'http://apt.puppetlabs.com',
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155 repos => 'main',
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156 key => {
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157 'id' => '6F6B15509CF8E59E6E469F327F438280EF8D349F',
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158 'server' => 'pgp.mit.edu',
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159 },
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160 }
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161 ```
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162
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163 ### HieraからのAptの構成
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164
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165 ソースをリソースとして直接指定するかわりに、単純に`apt`クラスをインクルードして、値をHieraから自動的に取得するように構成できます。
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166
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167 ```yaml
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168 apt::sources:
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169 'debian_unstable':
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170 comment: 'This is the iWeb Debian unstable mirror'
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171 location: 'http://debian.mirror.iweb.ca/debian/'
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172 release: 'unstable'
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173 repos: 'main contrib non-free'
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174 pin: '-10'
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175 key:
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176 id: 'A1BD8E9D78F7FE5C3E65D8AF8B48AD6246925553'
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177 server: 'subkeys.pgp.net'
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178 include:
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179 src: true
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180 deb: true
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181
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182 'puppetlabs':
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183 location: 'http://apt.puppetlabs.com'
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184 repos: 'main'
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185 key:
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186 id: '6F6B15509CF8E59E6E469F327F438280EF8D349F'
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187 server: 'pgp.mit.edu'
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188 ```
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189
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190 ### デフォルトの`sources.list`ファイルの置き換え
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191
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192 デフォルトの`/etc/apt/sources.list`を置き換える例を以下に示します。以下のコードと合わせて、`purge`パラメータを必ず使用してください。使用しない場合、Apt実行時にソース重複の警告が出ます。
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193
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194 ```puppet
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195 apt::source { "archive.ubuntu.com-${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}":
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196 location => 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu',
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197 key => '630239CC130E1A7FD81A27B140976EAF437D05B5',
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198 repos => 'main universe multiverse restricted',
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199 }
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200
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201 apt::source { "archive.ubuntu.com-${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-security":
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202 location => 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu',
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203 key => '630239CC130E1A7FD81A27B140976EAF437D05B5',
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204 repos => 'main universe multiverse restricted',
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205 release => "${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-security"
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206 }
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207
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208 apt::source { "archive.ubuntu.com-${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-updates":
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209 location => 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu',
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210 key => '630239CC130E1A7FD81A27B140976EAF437D05B5',
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211 repos => 'main universe multiverse restricted',
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212 release => "${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-updates"
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213 }
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214
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215 apt::source { "archive.ubuntu.com-${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-backports":
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216 location => 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu',
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217 key => '630239CC130E1A7FD81A27B140976EAF437D05B5',
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218 repos => 'main universe multiverse restricted',
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219 release => "${facts['os']['distro']['codename']}-backports"
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220 }
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221 ```
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222
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223 ### APTソースやプロキシのログイン設定を`/etc/apt/auth.conf`で管理する
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224
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225 APTバージョン1.5以降、認証が必要なAPTソースやプロキシについて、ユーザ名やパスワードなどのログイン設定を`/etc/apt/auth.conf`ファイルに定義できるようになりました。この方法は、`source.list`内にログイン情報を直接記述するよりも推奨されます。直接記述した場合、通常、あらゆるユーザから読み取り可能になるためです。
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226
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227 `/etc/apt/auth.confファイルのフォーマットは、(ftpやcurlによって使用される) netrcに従い、ファイルパーミッションが制限されています。詳しくは、[こちら](https://manpages.debian.org/testing/apt/apt_auth.conf.5.en.html)を参照してください。
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228
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229 オプションの`apt::auth_conf_entries`パラメータを使用して、ログイン設定を含むハッシュの配列を指定します。このハッシュに含めることができるのは、`machine`、`login`、および`password`キーのみです。
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230
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231 ```puppet
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232 class { 'apt':
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233 auth_conf_entries => [
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234 {
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235 'machine' => 'apt-proxy.example.net',
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236 'login' => 'proxylogin',
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237 'password' => 'proxypassword',
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238 },
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239 {
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240 'machine' => 'apt.example.com/ubuntu',
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241 'login' => 'reader',
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242 'password' => 'supersecret',
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243 },
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244 ],
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245 }
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246 ```
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247
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248 ## リファレンス
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249
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250 ### Facts
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251
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252 * `apt_updates`: `upgrade`で入手可能な更新がある、インストール済みパッケージの数。
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253
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254 * `apt_dist_updates`: `dist-upgrade`で入手可能な更新がある、インストール済みパッケージの数。
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255
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256 * `apt_security_updates`: `upgrade`で入手可能なセキュリティ更新がある、インストール済みパッケージの数。
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257
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258 * `apt_security_dist_updates`: `dist-upgrade`で入手可能なセキュリティ更新がある、インストール済みパッケージの数。
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259
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260 * `apt_package_updates`: `upgrade`で入手可能な更新がある、すべてのインストール済みパッケージの名前。Facter 2.0以降では、このデータのフォーマットは配列で、それ以前のバージョンでは、コンマ区切りの文字列です。
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261
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262 * `apt_package_dist_updates`: `dist-upgrade`で入手可能な更新がある、すべてのインストール済みパッケージの名前。Facter 2.0以降では、このデータのフォーマットは配列で、それ以前のバージョンでは、コンマ区切りの文字列です。
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263
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264 * `apt_update_last_success`: 直近で成功した`apt-get update`実行のエポックタイムによる日付(/var/lib/apt/periodic/update-success-stampのmtimeに基づく)。
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265
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266 * `apt_reboot_required`: 更新がインストールされた後に再起動が必要かどうかを決定します。
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267
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268 ### 詳細情報
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269
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270 その他すべてのリファレンスマニュアルについては、[REFERENCE.md](https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppetlabs-apt/blob/main/REFERENCE.md)を参照してください。
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271
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272 ## 制約
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273
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274 このモジュールは、[実行ステージ](https://docs.puppetlabs.com/puppet/latest/reference/lang_run_stages.html)に分割するようには設計されていません。
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275
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276 サポート対象のオペレーティングシステムの全リストについては、[metadata.json](https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppetlabs-apt/blob/main/metadata.json)を参照してください。
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277
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278 ### 新しいソースまたはPPAの追加
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279
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280 新しいソースまたはPPAを追加し、同一のPuppet実行において、その新しいソースまたはPPAからパッケージをインストールするには、`package`リソースが`Apt::Source`または`Apt::Ppa`に従属し、かつ`Class['apt::update']に従属する必要があります。[コレクタ](https://docs.puppetlabs.com/puppet/latest/reference/lang_collectors.html)を追加することによって、すべてのパッケージが`apt::update`の後に来るように制御することもできますが、その場合、循環依存が発生したり、[仮想リソース](https://docs.puppetlabs.com/puppet/latest/reference/lang_collectors.html#behavior)と関係したりすることがあります。以下のコマンドを実行する前に、すべてのパッケージのプロバイダがaptに設定されていることを確認してください。
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281
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282 ```puppet
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283 Class['apt::update'] -> Package <| provider == 'apt' |>
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284 ```
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285
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286 ## 開発
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287
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288 Puppet ForgeのPuppet Labsモジュールはオープンプロジェクトで、良い状態に保つためには、コミュニティの貢献が必要不可欠です。Puppetが役に立つはずでありながら、私たちがアクセスできないプラットフォームやハードウェア、ソフトウェア、デプロイ構成は無数にあります。私たちの目標は、できる限り簡単に変更に貢献し、みなさまの環境で私たちのモジュールが機能できるようにすることにあります。最高の状態を維持できるようにするために、コントリビュータが従う必要のあるいくつかのガイドラインが存在します。
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289
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290 詳細については、[モジュール貢献ガイド](https://docs.puppetlabs.com/forge/contributing.html)を参照してください。
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291
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292 すでにご協力いただいている方のリストについては、[コントリビュータのリスト](https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppetlabs-apt/graphs/contributors)をご覧ください。